The relationship between advertising expenditures and household indebtedness in Türkiye: An evaluation from the perspective of ethical marketing and moral economy
PDF (Turkish)

Keywords

Advertising Expenditures, Household Indebtedness, Ethical Marketing, Financial Fragility

How to Cite

The relationship between advertising expenditures and household indebtedness in Türkiye: An evaluation from the perspective of ethical marketing and moral economy. (2026). Turkish Journal of Marketing, 10(4), 155-169. https://doi.org/10.30685/tujom.v10i4.227

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between advertising expenditures and household indebtedness in Türkiye and evaluates this relationship from the perspectives of ethical marketing and moral economy. The study is based on a literature review and quantitative secondary data analysis. In this context, data for the 2000–2025 period on resident household final consumption expenditures, advertising expenditures, and the number of individuals with unpaid personal loans or credit card debt were analysed comparatively. The findings show that while the share of household final consumption expenditures in GDP has followed a long-term declining trend, advertising expenditures have increased significantly, especially in recent years. At the same time, the rise in card payment tendencies and in the number of individuals with unpaid debt indicates a stronger link between consumption behaviour and financial fragility. The study concludes that advertising should be considered not only as a demand-enhancing tool but also as a factor affecting consumption and borrowing behaviour. Therefore, marketing practices should be evaluated together with ethical responsibility, consumer welfare, and financial stability.

PDF (Turkish)

References

Adams, P., Hunt, S., Palmer, C., & Zaliauskas, R. (2021). Testing the effectiveness of consumer financial disclosure: Experimental evidence from savings accounts. Journal of Financial Economics, 141(1), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2020.05.009

Altıntaş, D., Ayla, D., & Karış, Ç. (2018). Reklam Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(Özel Sayı 3), 2647-2663. https://izlik.org/JA89LU26PT

Arango-Kure, M., & Garz, M. (2025). Manipulation: An integrative framework of unethical influence in marketing. Journal of Business Research, 197, 115476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115476

Ayhan, B., Aydin, M., & Ulcay, A. (2024). Politics of household indebtedness in Turkey. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 24(2), 427–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2024.2354537

Bagwell, K. (2007). The economic analysis of advertising. In M. Armstrong & R. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization (Vol. 3, pp. 1701–1844). Elsevier.

Baker, M. J., & George, L. M. (2010). The role of television in household debt: Evidence from the 1950s. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 10(1), Article 41. https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.2393

Baysal, D., & Yıldız, A. (2025). Pazarlama Anlayışının Ürün Odaklılıktan Anlam Merkezliliğe Dönüşümü: Modeller, Yaklaşımlar ve Etik Boyut. Güncel Pazarlama Yaklaşımları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 230-241. https://doi.org/10.54439/gupayad.1837435

Bertrand, M., Karlan, D., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zinman, J. (2010). What’s advertising content worth? Evidence from a consumer credit marketing field experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(1), 263–306. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.263

Bertrand, M., & Morse, A. (2011). Information disclosure, cognitive biases, and payday borrowing. The Journal of Finance, 66(6), 1865–1893. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2011.01698.x

Bhutta, N., Goldin, J., & Homonoff, T. (2016). Consumer borrowing after payday loan bans. Journal of Law and Economics, 59(1), 225–259. https://doi.org/10.1086/686033

Birdal, M., Acun, S., & Onuk, P. (2023). The rise of household debt in global economy and Türkiye. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 73(2), 697–716. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1242692

Bordo, M. D., & Meissner, C. M. (2012). Does inequality lead to a financial crisis? Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(8), 2147–2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2012.05.006

Campbell, J. Y., Jackson, H. E., Madrian, B. C., & Tufano, P. (2011). Consumer financial protection. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(1), 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.1.91

CBRT, (2018, June 27). Household indebtedness level from a comparative perspective. https://tcmbblog.org/wps/wcm/connect/blog/en/main%2Bmenu/analyses/household_indebtedness_level

CBRT ,(2025). Financial stability report. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr

Ceritoğlu, E., Cilasun, S. M., Küçükbayrak, M., & Sevinç, Ö. (2023). Household portfolios in Türkiye: Results from the household finance and consumption survey. Central Bank Review, 23(4), 100132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbrev.2023.100132

Coletta, M., De Bonis, R., & Piermattei, S. (2014). The determinants of household debt: A cross-country analysis (SSRN Working Paper). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2571267

Di Maggio, M., Ma, A. T., & Williams, E. (2020). In the red: Overdrafts, payday lending and the underbanked (NBER Working Paper No. 28242). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28242/w28242.pdf

Duivenvoorde, B. (2023). Consumer protection in the age of personalised marketing: Is EU law future-proof? European Papers, 8(2), 631–646. https://doi.org/10.15166/2499-8249/679

Focke, F., Ruenzi, S., & Ungeheuer, M. (2020). Advertising, attention, and financial markets. The Review of Financial Studies, 33(10), 4676–4720. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz142

Gabaix, X., & Laibson, D. (2006). Shrouded attributes, consumer myopia, and information suppression in competitive markets. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(2), 505–540. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.505

Gomes, F., Haliassos, M., & Ramadorai, T. (2021). Household finance. Journal of Economic Literature, 59(3), 919–1000. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20201461

Gu, X., & Huang, B. (2014). Does inequality lead to a financial crisis? Revisited. Review of Development Economics, 18(3), 502–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12099

Jameel, A., Khan, S., Alshurideh, M., & Salloum, S. A. (2024). Exploring the impact of social media sites and television advertisements on compulsive shopping behavior: The mediating role of materialism. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17, 1–15.

Jordà, Ò., Schularick, M. H. P., & Taylor, A. M. (2013). Sovereigns versus banks: Credit, crises, and consequences (NBER Working Paper No. 19506). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Jordà, Ò., Schularick, M., & Taylor, A. M. (2017). Macrofinancial history and the new business cycle facts. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 31(1), 213–263. https://doi.org/10.1086/690241

Kumhof, M., Rancière, R., & Winant, P. (2015). Inequality, leverage, and crises. American Economic Review, 105(3), 1217–1245. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20110683

Lombardi, M. J., Mohanty, M. S., & Shim, I. (2017). The real effects of household debt in the short and long run (BIS Working Papers No. 607). Bank for International Settlements.

Maesen, S., & Ang, D. (2025). Buy now, pay later: Impact of installment payments on customer purchases. Journal of Marketing, 89(3), 13–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222429241282414

Melzer, B. T., & Morgan, D. P. (2015). Competition in a consumer loan market: Payday loans and overdraft credit. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 24(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2014.07.001

Mian, A., Rao, K., & Sufi, A. (2013). Household balance sheets, consumption, and the economic slump. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(4), 1687–1726. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt020

Mian, A., Sufi, A., & Verner, E. (2017). Household debt and business cycles worldwide. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 132(4), 1755–1817. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjx017

Narayanan, A., Mathur, A., Chetty, M., & Kshirsagar, M. (2020). Dark patterns: Past, present, and future. Queue, 18(2), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1145/3400899.3400901

Nyrhinen, J., Sirola, A., Koskelainen, T., Munnukka, J., & Wilska, T.-A. (2024). Online antecedents for young consumers’ impulse buying behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 153, 108129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.108129

OECD. (2022). Dark commercial patterns (OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 336). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

OECD. (2023). Consumer vulnerability in the digital age. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Palmer, D., & Hedberg, T. (2013). The ethics of marketing to vulnerable populations. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(2), 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1476-2

Pellegrino, A., Abé, M., & Shannon, R. (2022). The dark side of social media: Content effects on the relationship between materialism and consumption behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 870614. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.870614

Reklamcılar Derneği. (2024). Medya ve reklam yatırımları 2023’te yüzde 120 büyüdü, 140 milyar TL’yi aştı https://rd.org.tr/haber/medya-ve-reklam-yatirimlari-2023te-yuzde-120-buyudu-140-milyar-tlyi-asti. Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2026

Schularick, M., & Taylor, A. M. (2012). Credit booms gone bust: Monetary policy, leverage cycles, and financial crises, 1870–2008. American Economic Review, 102(2), 1029–1061. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1029

Singh, P., Sharma, B. K., Arora, L., & Bhatt, V. (2023). Measuring social media impact on impulse buying behavior. Cogent Business & Management, 10(3), 2262371. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2262371

Summers, P. M. (2017). Credit booms gone bust: Replication of Schularick and Taylor (AER 2012). Journal of Applied Econometrics, 32(5), 1033–1038. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.2554

Verner, E., & Gyöngyösi, G. (2020). Household debt revaluation and the real economy: Evidence from a foreign currency debt crisis. American Economic Review, 110(9), 2667–2702. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181585

Wang, J., & Burke, K. (2022). The effects of disclosure and enforcement on payday lending in Texas. Journal of Financial Economics, 145(2, Part B), 489–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.09.024

Zinman, J. (2010). Restricting consumer credit access: Household survey evidence on effects around the Oregon rate cap. Journal of Banking & Finance, 34(3), 546–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.08.024

Zinman, J. (2015). Household debt: Facts, puzzles, theories, and policies. Annual Review of Economics, 7(1), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115640

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullah Yıldız- Durmuş Baysal

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.